A Glimpse through Brass
into the beginnings of the King Musical
Instrument Company
A historical
Hypothesis
Drawing on the evidence of the instruments themselves
by Ron
Berndt
August, 2012 – Amended October 2015
As so often happens, those who build great enterprises or
who shape the future rarely take time from their considerable endeavors to
clearly record how they achieved what they did. King Musical Instruments is a
shell today of the great twentieth century American instrument maker that it
was, but the activities of H.N. White & Co., the company that eventually
adopted its longtime tradename
“King”, significantly helped shape the evolution of band instruments and the
school music movement. There are a handful of rare instruments that survive
from before H.N. White had the resources to manufacture more than a few
hand-built trombones, and they give us a sense and vision of the earliest days
of the company. Recently, a restored cornet of a previously unseen-in-modern-times
attribution has surfaced and may be the oldest surviving cornet sold by Mr.
White in his fledgling business. Once understood in context, it and other
survivors allow a reconstruction of the probable activities of the early firm,
and shed light on how that time differed less than we might think from our own.
Henderson White was born in the then less than a century old
farm town of Romeo Michigan on July 16th 1873 to carpenter and
builder George M. White and his wife Eliza. Born there, George would spend his
entire short life from 1839 to 1879 in the small town. With his father having
died when Henderson was only 6, by age 12 he had to leave school and apprentice
to a builder named Galloway as a carpenter. At age 14, apparently finding his
father’s trade not his direction in life, Henderson White took up employment in
the Detroit music store of Mr. O.F. Berden where he
discovered his talent for instrument repair and engraving. By age 16, what must
have been a natural talent for the trade had already made his name known in the
business and he was recruited to leave Detroit for Cleveland Ohio.
Both the 1910 biography of White in Samuel P. Orth’s History of Cleveland and great-grandson Chris Charvat’s biography on the website www.hnwhite.com, speak to
White working for McMillin’s music store for 5 years.
When White moved to Cleveland at age 16, the year would have been at least late
1889. However, in 1889, George McMillin was still
employed in the music publishing house of J.G. Richards & Co.. According to the Presto trade publication’s December
1924 obituary for McMillin, who died of a stroke at
his desk at work, McMillin “parted ways” with
Richards and started his firm in 1892. Charvat records that White briefly partnered in the firm Berg & White
before becoming sole owner of the company in 1893. At best that leaves 5
calendar years between his arrival and the partnership, but only 2 during which
McMillin’s store was in business. It can only be
guessed that perhaps he worked with McMillin at J.G.
Richards, or that perhaps McMillin opened his store
before leaving Richards.
Regardless of his employer during his first years, in 1893
Henderson White partnered with C.H. Berg, whose sister Elizabeth became his
wife on September 20th 1894. By that time the partnership was over
and H.N. White had opened a small music store on Woodland Avenue. It is this point in the history of King
Musical Instruments into which the recently rediscovered cornet gives us a new
perspective.
At the website www.horn-u-copia.net one can find
several similarly inscribed cornets indicating that they were sold by a “sole
agent” for Cleveland. Some of these are engraved with McMillin’s
name and some with White’s. Horns made by one firm labeled for sale by another
are known as “stencil” horns. Previously
known White stencils are labeled with the name “Silver Star”, “Union” or
“Imperial”. The McMillin horns are engraved with an
attribution to “Geo. Baring & Co. London Eng.” – though no other trace of
that firm seems to exist. In both cases, the bell engraving is usually simple
text. Common distinct elements appear across names and models, but occasionally
elements also are distinct by agent name on otherwise same models. (photos from www.horn-u-copia.net)
The newly rediscovered cornet is a near-perfect copy of a
lesser known Besson short cornet. When comparing, one
must compensate for minor visual differences that result from the largely
manual process of bending and forming brass instruments in the 19th
century, but the commonality of parts and general form can be seen upon close
inspection. The only obvious non-Besson attribute of
the horn is that the tuning slide brace has no diamond-shaped escutcheons at
the ends. When comparing to the 1896 version of the Besson
original, it can be seen that the Besson ferrules
used at the valve slide radius unions are more elaborate than on this horn or a
matching McMillin stencil attributed to Baring &
Co. However, Besson
restructured in 1894 with a public stock offering and began a series of changes
to design elements over the following years. By 1900, not only had these
ferrules changed, but the tuning slide brace became a wire loop, the all metal
thin finger buttons became taller pearl-topped ones and the valve caps onto
which they descended changed to use felts, eliminating the problematic cork
risers.
An 1896 Besson (horn-u-copia.net)
A McMillin by Baring (horn-u-copia)
& the subject White by
Bauer
The engraving on the White stencil cornet attributed to M.
Bauer reads:
SUPERIOR
M. BAUER & CO.
H.N. WHITE
SOLE AGENT
CLEVELAND O.
The typeface, format, placement and so on are completely
consistent with the Silver Star / White cornets that are well documented. The
tooling is more significantly a match for the markings on McMillin
horns believed to have been marked by White himself. The
questions of who made the instrument, required considerable deduction and
testing of hypothesis.
It is best to work through the attributions on the bell line
by line. The first, “Superior”, appears inconsistently on instruments that list
H.N. White as “sole agent”. Some have treated Superior Silver Star and Silver
Star as separate trade names. The identical usage of the word on this
instrument, along with the difference in typeface from the next line in either
case, suggest strongly that superior is not a part of the tradename,
but rather is a quality declaration. Many British instruments of the time, as
well as others, would have “Class A” or “Class B” and so on denoting the
quality of the particular model as the first line of the bell engraving. The first
logical deduction regarding this horn then is that young Henderson White
observed this in the instruments he sold at his earlier music store jobs and
decided to copy it - but with his own, more American sounding classification.
To derive a sound supposition similarly with regard to the
second line is a more complex question. To consider fully if “M Bauer &
Co.” is a made-up entity, one must consider the other contrived brands and tradenames of the time as well as the possibility of a real
firm.
McMillin, where White worked
immediately prior to starting a business in which he too would sell stencils,
sold stencil horns attributed to the firm of George Baring & Co in London.
There seems to be no record of George Baring and his firm in England at the time.
A George Baring had founded Barings & Co. in London in 1802 to engage in
far-east trade, and Baring Brothers & Co. (Barings Bank) was the world’s
best known mercantile bank, but no record seems to remain of a firm in London
by the name of George Baring that made instruments. The notability of the
Baring name, being an old, globally known family of politicians and bankers,
would undoubtedly have seemed familiar and prestigious to potential customers.
Based on the lack of evidence of Geo. Baring & Co., as well as the
generally pricey nature of British and French instruments of the time, a second
deduction may then be that McMillin created the name
of a fictitious London firm to enhance the image of a supplier-built generic
cornet.
Likewise, the Bauer name was known in the Midwestern United
States in the 1890s through the Julius Bauer Piano Company that sold stencil
horns in his “J. Bauer” name that were made by his Bohemian cousins,
principally Eduard Johann and Johann Adam Bauer in the 1860s and 1870s. By the
early 1890s, one notable cousin was still producing these instruments, that
being Albin Bauer. Matthaus
Bauer built a variety of instruments including brass in Vienna starting before
1838, but his details of construction including ornamentation, elaborate
marking, bracing, and traditional rotary valve imperial wraps differ vastly
from this horn. Starting before 1838, it is doubtful he still would have been
building at all in 1894. There do not appear to be any “M. Bauer” signed brass
instruments from 1890s Europe. A New
York Times notice of probate indicates that Julius Bauer died in 1884 leaving
his wife Anna Marie and her brother Andrew Mueller in charge of the estate.
Later, his son William would head the firm but Julius’ name was retained on the
instruments until the firm was taken over by Wurlitzer during the great
depression. Known brass instruments by various Bauers
include rotary and berliner
valves, but no perinet valve horns. Given that the
only Bauer who’s name started with M would have been
quite old in the 1890s and never built anything similar, this seems well able
to have been another example of playing on a familiar sounding name. The third
deduction thus is that the name M. Bauer on this horn is a case of H.N. White
following the example of his recent mentor, not just in supplier choice, but in
fabricating a familiar sounding European maker to add prestige to his
supplier-built instrument.
While building this chain of supposition,
the next logical answer that can be deduced regards the point in the H.N. White
corporate history where this instrument best fits. As noted above, the
ferrules indicate that this is a copy of a pre-1896, possibly pre-1894
restructuring, Besson. White sold stencil cornets in
the 1890s and even into the 1900s using tradenames
rather than those of a purported maker. As he continued to use tradenames on lines of instruments of his own making, the
flagship of which was King, but which included examples such as Liberty, Silvertone, Silversonic and
Silver Flair, through the end of his life, it stands to reason that the
differing practice of naming a maker must pre-date that of using a tradename. Logically then, the fourth deduction must be
that this “M. Bauer” horn predates his other stencil products and may
reasonably date from 1894 give or take a year.
The remaining three lines are consistent with all of the
stencil horns sold by the H.N. White Company that exist and demonstrate almost
conclusively that this is one of those horns. The leather satchel case
accompanying the cornet also is of the dark textured leather common at the turn
of the twentieth century and appropriately aged. While it is not impossible, it
is extremely improbable that this instrument could be an expensive and
incredibly complex hoax targeting King aficionados.
Taking into account that , as will be explained later,
the number on the second valve casing, which is 7, is a model, not a serial
number, the fifth, and most significant,
deduction regarding this horn is that this is among the first cornets, and for
that matter instruments, ever sold by Henderson N. White in his own business.
Where the instrument was manufactured was a question that
required access to more examples to resolve.
As shown above, there are identical horns as both White & McMillin stencils. This suggests strongly that they shared
one or more suppliers of these instruments. There are those including the
authorities at www.horn-u-copia.net who treat George Baring & Co. as a real
company attributing White & McMillin stencil
cornets to it - though as already noted, that is unlikely. Likewise, Matthaus Bauer existed near the time in question, but is
equally improbable as the maker. Fabrication of the McMillin
and White stencils has also been attributed to Alexandre Le Forestier,
who apprenticed at Besson, worked for Curtois and Distin, and was a
foreman at Pepper before setting up an instrument making shop in Philadelphia.
Given the intense similarity to established makers’ cornets built near that
time, speculation that they are factory seconds, or absconded parts and designs
straight from the design originator’s plants, is always a plausible theory in
such cases.
One possible source considered for these horns is the
Standard Band Instrument Company of Boston. In 1862 David Hall founded the firm
at 62 Sudbury Street across from the successful E.G. Wright factory that also
housed Graves & Sons – who combined in 1869 to become Boston Musical
Instrument Manufactory. Hall struggled and took on new partners reincorporating
in 1870, and 1871. In 1876, his partners bought him out and formed Quinby brothers, which in turn failed and was purchased by
the struggling publishing house of Thompson & Odell in an attempt to
diversify in 1889. Thompson & Odell Publishing fared poorly and was
absorbed by Carl Fischer in 1901. By 1905 what had been named the Standard Band
Instrument Company was bankrupt and negotiating to be purchased by Vega Banjo –
as happened in 1909. Sometime during the transition to Vega, a cornet closely
matching the Bauer/White and Baring/McMillin was
produced under the “Vega made by the Standard Band Instrument Company” label
and listing the old DC Hall address. Failing companies routinely stretch the
life cycle of old product and by the time Vega was involved with Standard, this
model would be dated. Likewise it is reasonable to suppose that a struggling
firm, which Standard was historically, particularly during the economic
upheaval of the 1890s, would have been willing to sell product for others to
stencil under their own names. Rationally, the bankrupt Standard could have
been sourcing this horn outside themselves to reduce
labor costs, it would have been poor strategy to choose such an outdated model.
As it turns out, they, like McMillin and White, were
sourcing this generic product from a low-cost supplier and branding it for
their use.
(1905-9 Vega/Standard
photo from www.horn-u-copia.net above with the 1890s White/Bauer)
Ultimately, with access to the extensive photographic
holdings of Kenton Scott and the horn-u-copia
website, several of this series of models (at least 11, each denoted by a
similar model number on the second valve casing), were identified. Many trim
parts change, and they exist as many different wraps, but the set includes the
Marceau cornets sold by Sears and others known to be products of Bohland & Fuchs in Bohemia. Some of the set bore
markings indicating B+F manufacture.
White would continue to buy horns from B&F such as the
Union cornet below left, and for many years after this line was discontinued
around 1900, such as the second generation Silver Star model below.
This, then, is our first glimpse into the early days of the
H.N. White Company: As Henderson White, then only 20 and getting married,
ventured out on his own in business, he must have split his time between
business requirements such as stocking and the books, and his workbench where,
when not repairing customer instruments, he could produce a very few “King”
trombones - tradenamed after Thomas King, who had
helped him perfect his design. Perhaps it is White himself, noted as an
engraver amongst other skills, who stenciled these first cornets upon their
arrival at his bench.
By the turn of the century, White was ready to expand and
produce his own cornets with the King Famous Short (1906 pictured above), King
Large Bore, King Small Bore, and King Long Model cornets. In the first decade
of the century, Conn, Holton, York, Lyon & Healy and others all were
experimenting with new designs for larger, heavier and more conical cornets. In
designing his first horns, H.N. White elected to expand upon the old-looking,
but proven, wrap he knew from Besson and Conn. White
and McMillin had stenciled horns similar to the C.G.
Con Wonder design as well as Besson horns, and Conn
in the 1890s was marketing this exact wrap in one of their other cornets.
History ultimately vindicated this choice of design, as that simple wrap
out-lived all of the wild contemporary creations of the early twentieth
century, becoming the standard form of the modern cornet. Pictured below are the original 1860s Besson wrap and the Conn version circa 1897 (from www.horn-u-copia.net).
Continuing the early story of HN White, in 1906 he finally
moved from the small shop into a production facility at 1870 East Ninth Street,
before which his capacity must have been severely limited. His stencil cornets
have by many been believed to date from the time between the establishment of
his first store and his entry into cornet manufacturing around 1900. However, a
White stencil “Imperial” appears to be based on a C.G. Conn Perfected Wonder,
which debuted in 1906. This stencil, called an American Model Cornet by its
manufacturer Bohland & Fuchs, is pictured below.
The New Invention Circus Bore Cornet replaced the nearly
identical Perfected Wonder model in 1910. By this time, White had been building
King cornets for over a decade. Sometime after this,
but before 1920, White began building the Imperial himself, but marking it as a
stencil. It interestingly shares a distinct detail with McMillin’s
Crown brand cornets circa 1905, which is a knurled rope accent on the union
ferrules. White was supplying these to his former employer while also selling
them himself. Thus one may plausibly deduce that White continued selling
stencils alongside his own cornets in order to give his rapidly expanding
distribution network more variety than he had the capacity to make -perhaps
until the larger factory at 5225 Superior Avenue was fully operational after
1911.
McMillin Ferrules C.G. Conn New Invention Circus Bore
(horn-u-copia)
Imperial, HN White Sole Agent, Cleveland O.
The Imperial was ultimately renamed the King Junior in 1920,
and the Crown Brand ferrule disappeared in favor of standard King ferrules
after McMillin’s death at his desk in 1924.
When the Depression struck, White shut down the recently
purchased Cleveland Band Instruments and temporarily returned to stencil sales,
placing Cleveland and their other bard American Standard on supplier-built
horns. At the same time, White leveraged that supplier relationship to build a
student pea-shooter trumpet, the Student Prince, which is shown below. White
stencils finally ended before 1940.
So, through supposition based on what record remains and
surviving instruments, the world of young Henderson White in the first decade
of what would grow rapidly into one of the world’s leading and most innovative
band instrument companies comes into view – if only a little bit. He maximized
his own skills and meager capital, using techniques not unlike those used by
instrument retailers still today, to provide the
widest selection at the lowest price he could, in order to facilitate that
growth and ultimate achievement. It was the stencil horns, the equivalent of
our Chinese-produced horns with familiar old names, as well as
name-of-the-month horns through online retailers, which ultimately built the
customer base and funded the expansion into a full manufacturing concern -
which then grew into the band instrument powerhouse that lasted most of the
twentieth century. The young Mr. White could have been born over a century
later, followed the same life plan, and prospered to the same degree as he did
- as the business model has not changed nearly as much as we might wish to
believe.
Sources:
Ø
Orth, Samuel Peter, A
History of Cleveland Ohio Illustrated, SJ Clarke Publishing , Cleveland Ohio,
1910 , P. 1092
Ø
Charvat, Chris, The
Henderson N. White Story, at http://www.hnwhite.com/hnwhitepage.htm
Ø
Staff, Julius Bauer’s Estate, The New York
Times, NY, NY, December 30, 1884
Ø
Staff, Cleveland’s Pioneer Music Man Dies,
Presto, December, 1924 at http:// presto.arcade-museum.com/PRESTO-1924-2004/PRESTO-1924-2004-09.pdf
Ø
McMillin, H.E.,
Catalog of the Crown Model Band Instruments, Cleveland, Ohio, 1904
Ø
Database of instruments at
http:www.horn-u-copia.net
Ø
List of Besson Serial
Numbers at http:www.horn-u-copia.net
Ø
List of King Musical Instruments Serial Numbers
at http:www.hnwhite.com
Ø
Myers, Arnold and Eldredge,
Niles, The Brasswind Production of Marthe Besson’s London Factory, Galpin Society Journal, volume LIX, pp43-75